The behavior of added and native potassium of five Tennessee soils and factors affecting its availability

​​Much research has been conducted to determine the relationships among potassium, the soil and the plant. Although our knowledge of these relationships has greatly increased, our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for soil potassium release and the processes involved in soil potassium reactions has only started. The fact that the total potassium in a soil is not a reliable index of the capacity, of a soil to supply potassium to plants has been known for some time. As early as 1894 (4), it was observed that part of the potassium added as fertilizer was converted to a form not readily available to plants. Investigations agree that the quantities of potassium removed by chemical and biological methods cannot be absolutely categorized as exchangeable or available potassium because the quantity removed is a function of multiple variables. The use of radioactive isotopes has contributed significantly to the solutions of soil problems. They enable the distinction of potassium added as fertilizer potassium from native soil potassium through the technique of isotopic dilution. The objectives for this study were to determine the behavior of potassium added as fertilizer and native soil potassium of five Tennessee soils and the factors affecting the availability of potassium to plants. Native potassium is that potassium in the soil prior to sampling which may or may not include potassium applied by man. Experiments were conducted to study: the influence of alternate wetting and drying and of clay mineralogy on fixation and release of native and added potassium in the soil; the relation of several chemical extraction techniques to available potassium in the soil; the contributions of potassium from sand, silt and clay to the total and available potassium content of the soil; the effect of added potassium on the replacement of calcium and magnesium; the uptake of potassium by sudangrass; and the equilibria of native and added potassium in the soil by the radioactive tracer technique

Characterization of Two Temperature-sensitive Mutants of Escherichia Coli Exhibiting an Altered L22 Ribosomal Protein

Analysis of E. coli strains SK1047 and SK1048 have shown them to be temperature-sensitive, protein-synthesis deficient. An alteration in ribosomal protein L22 was detected in both strains using two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein L22 was purified from both strains by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and from two dimensional electrophoretic gels. Purified ribosomal protein L22 was labeled by reductive methylation and used in 23S RNA binding assays with and without ribosomal protein L4. At the permissive temperature, protein L22 from SK1047 bound less efficiently than the control while protein L22 from SK1048 bound as efficiently as the control. At the restrictive temperature, both forms of mutant protein L22 bound less efficiently than the control. In both mutants, temperature sensitivity was mapped to the chromosomal region containing the rplV gene for ribosomal protein L22 using bacteriophage P1 transduction and bacteriophage $\lambda$ complementation. The wild type rplV gene subcloned into plasmid pLF1.0 was also shown to complement temperature sensitivity. The partial diploid nature of strains complemented by $\lambda$fus2 and plasmid pLF1.0 was verified when both wild type and mutant protein L22 were found on two dimensional gels. Reisolation of protein L22 from gels of $\lambda$fus2 complemented cells showed that both forms of protein L22 were in equal proportion irrespective of growth temperature. Reisolation of protein L22 from gels of plasmid pLF1.0 complemented cells showed that incorporation of the mutant protein exceeded the control protein at the permissive temperature; while the reverse was seen at the restrictive temperature. Temperature-shift experiments were conducted on complemented mutant cells to determine the effect of increased gene dosage on the coordinated regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis. Mutants complemented with $\lambda$fus2 exhibited normal cell growth, indicating that regulation was not effected. Cells transformed with plasmid pLF1.0 exhibited a reduction in growth possibly due to the disruption of balanced synthesis. The wild type and both mutant rplV genes were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and the PCR product was sequenced using primer extension. Sequencing of DNA from both mutants revealed the codon CGC for the amino acid arginine at position 8 in the protein chain was mutated to the TGC codon for the amino acid cysteine. The wild type ribosomal protein L22 contains no cysteine residues. The mutation was confirmed by testing control and mutant protein L22 for the presence of sulfhydryls using 4,4\sp\prime-dithiodipyridine. Ribosomal protein L22 isolated from both mutant strains was found to contain one cysteine sulfhydryl group

Blacks and Latinos in Boston: A Community Profile

The purpose of this Report is to provide a socio-economic and demographic overview of predominantly black and Latino geographic areas in the City of Boston. This Report is primarily in response to a request for assistance from several community-based groups and organizations, including Project FATE, the Center for Community Action, the Urban League, and the Bank of Commerce. Based on specific requests and feedback from several individuals representing the organizations mentioned, it was decided that a Community Profile based on electoral districts in Boston would be useful. The request from the community organizations listed several possible items for inclusion in the final report: Total population by race of selected Boston electoral districts; Total population and distribution of population by age within selected Boston electoral districts; Median family income by selected Boston electoral districts; Civilian labor force and employment status, by selected Boston electoral districts; and Median family wealth as defined by homeownership by selected Boston electoral districts. After James Jennings reviewed the list of items and discussed it with Wornie Reed it was decided that the William Monroe Trotter Institute could effectively respond to some of these items by: (a) developing a Community Profile based on the demographic items listed above and organized by Wards 8, 9, 12, and 14, and (b) appointing a panel of social scientists to plan a major publication on the economic status of blacks in Boston, incorporating the various concerns of the community groups who approached the Trotter Institute. The suggested response was discussed with all parties involved in this effort. This Report represents the Community Profile mentioned above. The profile presented here may be unique in terms of its format. The data, which is extracted from the 1980 reports of the U.S. Bureau of the Census for Boston is organized according to electoral districts, as specifically requested by community representatives. All of the data is presented for Wards 8, 9, 12, and 14. These four wards contain the overwhelming majority of black and Latino persons in the City of Boston. Map 1 outlines, by wards, the areas covered by this Report

Reconstructing the Local Twist of Coronal Magnetic Fields and the Three-Dimensional Shape of the Field Lines from Coronal Loops in EUV and X-Ray Images

Non-linear force-free fields are the most general case of force-free fields, but the hardest to model as well. There are numerous methods of computing such fields by extrapolating vector magnetograms from the photosphere, but very few attempts have so far made quantitative use of coronal morphology. We present a method to make such quantitative use of X-Ray and EUV images of coronal loops. Each individual loop is fit to a field line of a linear force-free field, allowing the estimation of the field line's twist, three-dimensional geometry and the field strength along it. We assess the validity of such a reconstruction since the actual corona is probably not a linear force-free field and that the superposition of linear force-free fields is generally not itself a force-free field. To do so, we perform a series of tests on non-linear force-free fields, described in Low & Lou (1990). For model loops we project field lines onto the photosphere. We compare several results of the method with the original field, in particular the three-dimensional loop shapes, local twist (coronal alpha), distribution of twist in the model photosphere and strength of the magnetic field. We find that, (i) for these trial fields, the method reconstructs twist with mean absolute deviation of at most 15% of the range of photospheric twist, (ii) that heights of the loops are reconstructed with mean absolute deviation of at most 5% of the range of trial heights and (iii) that the magnitude of non-potential contribution to photospheric field is reconstructed with mean absolute deviation of at most 10% of the maximal value.Comment: submitted to Ap

Sensor-based Particulate Measurement (Some Tall Tales from the Trenches)

Current evidence indicates that a relatively small number of vehicles are responsible for the majority of excess in-use emissions, e.g. about 10% of the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) equipped vehicles are believed to contribute about 70% of excess particulate matter (PM) emissions. But conventional I/M measurements (snap-acceleration opacity) and other similar ‘stop-and-test’ procedures are not sensitive enough to measure the difference between a properly functioning and a moderately malfunctioning DPF system, and can even be cross-sensitive to the by-products of some modern emission control systems, e.g. NO2 from Selective Catalytic Reduction. As a result, one of the key elements of a more effective next-generation emissions ‘stop-and-test’ procedure for modern vehicles would be a new ‘SMOG Check’ system. Here, using provisional data for several recent and on-going studies, we propose a sensor-array strategy based on the 3DATx parSYNC as an alternative to simply replacing one metric (opacity) with another. We present data on the effectiveness of this approach, and describe options to address cross-sensitivity. We also consider the analytical compromises required to build an instrument suitable for use in a commercial garage at a price-point that will make it viable, as well as the extended diagnostic capabilities of a multi-dimensional description of vehicle particulate emissions

Constraining 3D Magnetic Field Extrapolations Using The Twin Perspectives of STEREO

The 3D magnetic topology of a solar active region (NOAA 10956) was reconstructed using a linear force-free field extrapolation constrained using the twin perspectives of \emph{STEREO}. A set of coronal field configurations was initially generated from extrapolations of the photospheric magnetic field observed by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on \emph{SOHO}. Using an EUV intensity-based cost function, the extrapolated field lines that were most consistent with 171\AA\ passband images from the Extreme UltraViolet Imager (EUVI) on \emph{STEREO} were identified. This facilitated quantitative constraints to be placed on the twist ($\alpha$) of the extrapolated field lines, where $\nabla \times {\bf B} = \alpha {\bf B}$. Using the constrained values of $\alpha$, the evolution in time of twist, connectivity, and magnetic energy were then studied. A flux emergence event was found to result in significant changes in the magnetic topology and total magnetic energy of the region

“It will always continue unless we can change something”: consequences of intimate partner violence for indigenous women, children, and families

Background: Violence against indigenous women and girls is endemic, yet the absence of research on the consequences of this violence from the perspectives of women presents a profound barrier to the development of knowledge, along with violence prevention and mitigation. Although family is central to many indigenous communities, existing research typically examines the consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) on women or children in isolation, rather than examining its consequences holistically. Objective: The purpose of this article is to identify US indigenous women's perspectives about the impact of IPV on women, children, and families. Method: Data were collected with 29 indigenous women affected by violence from a Southeastern tribe in the United States. As part of a larger critical ethnography, pragmatic horizon analysis of life history interviews revealed the consequences of IPV across multiple levels. Results: Women reported profound psychological consequences resulting from IPV. The majority of women had witnessed IPV in their childhood, providing support for an intergenerational cycle of violence. Women reported psychological consequences on children, which paralleled those reported by women, leaving deep impressions on children across their life course. Consequences on children and whole families were extensive, indicating the negative ramifications of IPV transcended personal boundaries and affected children and families across multiple generations. Conclusions: Given the tight-knit nature of indigenous families and communities, the consequences across individuals and families were noteworthy. However, a dearth in research examining consequences of IPV across levels fails to capture the interconnections of consequences for women, children, and families. Given the centrality of family in many indigenous communities, examining IPV from a holistic perspective that incorporates multiple levels is recommended for IPV research and intervention development

(4,7,13,16,21,24-Hexaoxa-1,10-diaza­bicyclo­[8.8.8]hexa­cosa­ne)sodium perchlorate

The title compound, [Na(C18H36N2O6)]ClO4, was isolated and crystallized to understand more fully the ligand’s binding specificity to cations. The cation and anion reside at an inter­section of crystallographic twofold and threefold axes. The carbon atoms in the cation are disordered over two positions in a 3:2 ratio, and the anion is equally disordered over two positions. The geometries of the cation and anion are typical. The compound packs in alternating sheets of discrete cations and anions stacked along the c axis, separated by a distance equal to one-sixth the length of the c axis

Direct Measurements of Magnetic Twist in the Solar Corona

In the present work we study evolution of magnetic helicity in the solar corona. We compare the rate of change of a quantity related to the magnetic helicity in the corona to the flux of magnetic helicity through the photosphere and find that the two rates are similar. This gives observational evidence that helicity flux across the photosphere is indeed what drives helicity changes in solar corona during emergence. For the purposes of estimating coronal helicity we neither assume a strictly linear force-free field, nor attempt to construct a non-linear force-free field. For each coronal loop evident in Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) we find a best-matching line of a linear force-free field and allow the twist parameter alpha to be different for each line. This method was introduced and its applicability was discussed in Malanushenko et. al. (2009). The object of the study is emerging and rapidly rotating AR 9004 over about 80 hours. As a proxy for coronal helicity we use the quantity averaged over many reconstructed lines of magnetic field. We argue that it is approximately proportional to "flux-normalized" helicity H/Phi^2, where H is helicity and Phi is total enclosed magnetic flux of the active region. The time rate of change of such quantity in the corona is found to be about 0.021 rad/hr, which is compatible with the estimates for the same region obtained using other methods Longcope et. al. (2007), who estimated the flux of normalized helicity of about 0.016 rad/hr

Myosin II Activity Facilitates Microtubule Bundling in the Neuronal Growth Cone Neck

SummaryThe cell biological processes underlying axon growth and guidance are still not well understood. An outstanding question is how a new segment of the axon shaft is formed in the wake of neuronal growth cone advance. For this to occur, the highly dynamic, splayed-out microtubule (MT) arrays characteristic of the growth cone must be consolidated (bundled together) to form the core of the axon shaft. MT-associated proteins stabilize bundled MTs, but how individual MTs are brought together for initial bundling is unknown. Here, we show that laterally moving actin arcs, which are myosin II-driven contractile structures, interact with growing MTs and transport them from the sides of the growth cone into the central domain. Upon Myosin II inhibition, the movement of actin filaments and MTs immediately stopped and MTs unbundled. Thus, Myosin II-dependent compressive force is necessary for normal MT bundling in the growth cone neck